Great Hospitals in North America: The Medical College of Wisconsin Neurological Surgery.

The Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Neurosurgery delivers subspecialty adult and pediatric neurosurgical care that is patient-centered, evidence-informed, and value-based. Medical College of Wisconsin research advances the science of neurological disease with the goal of a positive translational effect on clinical care. The department supports an environment of education and scholarship for trainees, faculty, and staff alike. The journey to become a neurosurgical center of excellence was accomplished with the leadership and foresight of the men and women who turned their dreams into reality. The establishment and rise of the department as a national force for neurosurgery and spine is an elegant example of the combination of individual leadership and foresight with synergistic institutional support.

Great Hospitals of Asia: Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery at Xi'an Jiaotong University-Affiliated Honghui Hospital.

Established in 1987, the Spine Surgery Hospital at Honghui Hospital is one of the oldest spinal surgical departments in China. The first chairman, Yuan Fuyong, devoted himself to the development of the department. The current president, Hao Dingjun, assumed the position in November 2008. The current department consists of 5 wards and 235 beds, encompassing the entire spectrum of spinal surgical diseases, with 27 specialized faculty members and care teams. The remarkable growth of the hospital during the last 30 years made it possible to perform 8000 operations in 2017. A total of 300 articles were published in scientific journals, of which more than 100 were published in international journals between 1987 and 2017. At present, the developmental model of neurosurgery and spine surgery at Honghui Hospital is based on the concept of holistic integrative medicine. It was jointly developed by several departments including those of spine surgery, neurosurgery, traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation, and basic research. This article traces the history, research and teaching accomplishments, academic exchanges, and future directions.

John C. Vangilder (1935-2007): Neurosurgical Leader and Founder of the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Iowa.

John C. VanGilder, the former professor and chairman of neurosurgery at The University of Iowa died on August 27, 2007 after making a lasting impact to the field of neurosurgery both in the United States and abroad. In this manuscript, we review VanGilder's life and achievements. VanGilder was born in 1935 in West Virginia and received his undergraduate education at West Virginia University in Morgantown. He studied medicine at the University of West Virginia, completing his final 2 years at the University of Pittsburgh, and after serving in the U.S. military, completed his neurosurgical training at Washington University in St. Louis. He was appointed to faculty positions first at Yale University and later at The University of Iowa, where he became professor and later chairman of the Division of Neurosurgery. VanGilder also served as president of the Society of Neurological Surgeons (1997-1998), president of the Neurosurgical Society of America (1998-1999), chairman of the American Board of Neurological Surgery (1997-1998), and vice president of the American Academy of Neurological Surgery. At The University of Iowa, VanGilder played a key role in the transition of the Division of Neurosurgery to a Department of Neurosurgery and mentored several neurosurgeons who would go on to become department chairmen or make other important neurosurgical contributions at other medical schools in the United States.

History of the Neurosurgery Department of Pontificia Universidad Catolica, Santiago, Chile.

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile's medical school was founded in 1929. An interest in neurosurgical development arose in the minds of the Dean, Dr. Cristobal Espíldora, and the Chief of Surgery, Dr. Rodolfo Rencoret, in 1946. They encouraged and supported Dr. J. Ricardo Olivares to specialize in Neurosurgery with Professor H. Olivecrona in Stockholm, Sweden. The first neurosurgical procedure in the Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica was performed in 1950. Since then, intensive efforts have been made to develop neurosurgery and its science. As a result, it is now a center capable of achieving high-quality standards in vascular, oncologic, and endoscopic neurosurgery; stereotactic and radiosurgery; complex spine surgery; pediatric neurosurgery; and epilepsy surgery. This article tells the story of a university hospital neurosurgery service in a country at the southern end of the world and how it became one of the most important neurosurgical centers in Chile and South America.

[Children's department and child care institutions of the Central military, hospital of People's commissariat during the Great Patriotic War].

The article presents historical data about paediatric health care delivery and escort of children of the Command of the Red Army during their evacuation from Moscow in 1941. Data on foundation of kindergartens of People's commissariat in 1942-1943, their support and foundation of children's department in the hospital is given. Special subdivision governed by the head of child care institutions of the hospital was formed for managing child care institutions.

Panorama hospitalario de Zamora a mediados del siglo XVIII / Hospital Panorama in Zamora at the middle of the XVIIIth Century

El siglo XVIII fue un periodo de reformas en múltiples campos, también en el asistencial. Para avanzar en su estudio, el presente artículo profundiza en el conocimiento de la red hospitalaria a mediados de dicha centuria en los territorios que integran la actual provincia de Zamora. En este sentido, se analiza el tipo de establecimientos, su financiación, organización y funcionamiento. Como resultado, se nos dibuja un panorama salpicado de numerosos albergues rurales y algunos hospitales de curación en núcleos de cierta entidad urbana, consagrados, fundamentalmente, al acogimiento y atención religiosa de pobres transeúntes. Tales establecimientos se nutrían, sobre todo, de rentas agrarias y del producto de censos. Contaban, además, con una notable presencia eclesiástica (AU)

The XVIIIth century was an era of reforms in multiple fields, including healthcare. To advance in its study, the present article delves into the knowledge about the hospital network in the middle of said century within the territories which integrate the current province of Zamora. Accordingly, the type of establishment, its funding, organisation and operation are analysed. As a result, a panorama dotted with numerous rual refuge sand some hospitals in the centre of certain built-up areas is drawn, dedicated, basically, to the reception and religious assistance of poor vagrants, Scuh establishments were funded, above all, by agricultural income and by census rents. They counted, moreover, on a notable, ecclesiastic presence (AU)

The Shodair Medical Genetics Department--recent past and future developments.

Philip Pallister and John Opitz laid the ground work for a unique genetic service model in Montana that continues to flourish through ongoing support by the Montana Legislature, the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services and the Shodair Foundation. At the heart of the model are clinical and laboratory genetic specialists based at Shodair Children's Hospital in Helena providing genetic care for patients through outreach clinics. Clinical services are supported by a state-of-the-art cytogenetics and molecular genetic laboratory as well a fetal genetic pathology program. Over the years, the reach of regular genetics clinics expanded to include large geographic areas including northwest (Kalispell), west central (Missoula), southwest (Bozeman, Butte), north central (Great Falls), and south central Montana (Billings). Building on the foundation of its world-renowned pioneers, the next generation of medical geneticists at Shodair carries the responsibility of integrating genomic medicine in the diagnosis and care of their patients, reducing inequality of services within Montana and partnering with colleagues across specialties to develop a more personalized practice of medicine.

Antone Tarazi: the first Palestinian neurosurgeon and the first neurosurgeon in Jordan: a neurosurgeon of two countries.

Antone (Tony) Tarazi (1927-1999) was the first Palestinian neurosurgeon and the first neurosurgeon in Jordan. In 1952, Tarazi received his medical degree from the American University of Beirut in Lebanon. After completing neurosurgery training at the Montreal Neurological Institute in 1960, he returned to Palestine to practice neurosurgery in both Palestine and Jordan. For almost 10 years, he alone carried the load of neurosurgery for a population of >3 million people. His skills and knowledge enabled him to achieve admirable results with limited available resources. Tarazi was the president of the Palestinian Neurosurgical Society, a member of Jordan medical societies, and a member of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. His continuous efforts to improve medical services extended beyond neurosurgery to many other fields. This article recounts Antone Tarazi's achievements and contributions to neurosurgery in Palestine and Jordan.

The path to modernity: a personal testimony to the restructuring of the Department of Dermatology, Vargas Hospital, Caracas, Venezuela.

In the late 1950s and early1960s, there was a concerted effort to modernize teaching, training, and patient care in the Vargas Hospital of Caracas, Venezuela. The above included the development of research in the frame of postgraduate training. This effort was to be helped by USA funds and institutions but could only be achieved by the work of Venezuelans, sharing a vision of progress. Dermatology spearheaded this initiative, and the fruit of this was the exponential development of Venezuelan Dermatology and the creation of the National Institute of Dermatology on the grounds of the Vargas Hospital. The purpose of this contribution is to review these events that happened more than half a century ago from my own perspective. I sincerely hope that these lines could serve as an inspiration to the younger generations that toil today under less-than-favorable conditions.

Kinderheilkunde and continental connections in child health: the "Glasgow school revisited"--again.

The last two hundred years or so have seen the transformation of medical practice from a clinical art to the application of science to the diagnosis and treatment of disease. There has been a historical debate about how the use of technology and discoveries of the laboratory have become integrated within medical practice. In trying to understand the evolution of "scientific medicine," this has generally focused on the tensions between the differing cultures, persons, and professions of the "laboratory" and "clinic" and sought to explain how they were resolved within specific institutions. This paper looks again at the "Glasgow School" (the subject of a number of seminal papers on this subject) and the forces that shaped it, by exploring the career of Leonard Findlay, whose training in Glasgow, and in Berlin (where he worked in a department in which science and medicine were integrated), defined a style of clinical medicine that formed the model for a new sort of university department of medicine in which clinicians and scientists worked side by side, albeit under the leadership of the former. As a clinician exposed in Berlin to the emerging new sciences of nutrition, microbiology, and immunology, which were particularly relevant to the care of sick children, Findlay created in Glasgow a department of medical pediatrics, which owed less to local factors, figures, and forces and more to his experience in Germany.